ANCIENT COIN TYPES Explained Guide to Roman Greek Biblical and Byzantine Numismatic Coins

Educational Video to Learn How To Tell the Difference between the Varieties of Ancient Coins

There are a lot of beginner collectors of ancient coins that would like to learn what the different classifications of ancient coins. What I have seen with ancient coin collecting is that without proper guidance, the learning curve could be steep, before full enjoyment can be attained in the "king of hobbies". The goal of this video is to explain the different types of coins, and what they mean. You can see in my eBay store: http://stores.ebay.com/Authentic-Ancient-Greek-Roman-Coins that I have classifications such as Ancient Greek Coins, Celtic Coins & Proto-Money, Roman Republic Coins, Roman Imperial Coins, Roman Provincial Coins, Byzantine Coins, Medieval coins. May this guide answer many of your questions.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vzhACrACbOs

You may also want to see the Ancient Coin Collecting Guide & How To Videos which is a Youtube playlist of all my educational videos about ancient coins. Below each video is a link to a corresponding article, many times showing pictures and descriptions of the coins illustrated in the videos. So I recommend using that as a great guide to learn more about the different types.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vzhACrACbOs&list=PL3dOqeLcLHYna6jl4_W5brq7ydWkewBdv&index=33

Get It Here: ANCIENT COIN TYPES Explained Guide to Roman Greek Biblical and Byzantine Numismatic Coins An interesting blog post pertaining to ancient coin collecting. World-renowned numismatic expert published this for educational purposes.

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Most Interesting Ancient Coins to Buy for a Collection, Investment and Pleasure

Top 10 List of Well-Known Personalities of Ancient Greece and Rome with numismatic Coins for Sale on eBay, Reasonably Priced

This guide is designed to introduce you to just 10 different topics of interest for collecting and possibly even as alternative investing ideas. These are well known personalities of the ancient past that people will likely appreciate in the future, giving you well-known, historically significant types that could be some of the most valued coins by collectors in the future. Also, a lot of the coins given here, although having rare types, are quite plentiful, and eeasily found in my eBay store. You can also learn about the different ancient coins with many educational videos about coins on my Youtube channel. #1 Alexander the Great Coins – His coins are just fantastic to own and collect because even though thousands of years have passed, his name is known by more people than ever before with great films and books about his life and conquests. #2 Constantine the Great Coins – Also known as Christian saint or Saint Constantine. His coins are very affordable to own and can be as low as twenty dollars. #3 Saint Helena Roman Empress Mother of Constantine the Great – Very influential woman in early Christianity. #4 Jesus Christ Coins and Coins Connected with Him – Early Roman coins did not depict the image of Christ, but did depict things associated with him such as the Chi-Rho, cross, and phoenix. #5 Philip II ancient Greek coins connected with Olympic Games Victory – Very interesting and affordable ancient Greek coins associated with the ancient Olympic games. #6 Roman Republic Coins – This is an interesting time period, before Rome turned into an empire and had dictators, and has a lot of interesting symbolism to the Roman Republic and it’s virtues.   #7 Julius Caesar coins – These coins are always great to own because of the name and are a great coin if you ever need to resell it because of it’s popularity.   #8 Athens Attica Greece ancient Greek coins – Probably the most famous ancient Greek city, and her coins are fascinating.   #9 Augustus first Roman emperor coins – Very interesting emperor, whom actually had a period of peace called “Pax Romana” and issued many coins, making them very affordable. #10 Marcus Aurelius coins – The very famous emperor, known for his writings and depicted in the movie Gladiator, his coins being quite popular.  

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VIDEO Guide to Marcus Aurelius Ancient Roman Coins

Marcus Aurelius father of Commodus Gladiator Movie Emperor Ancient Roman Coins Guide

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ofyTt6i_01c

Marcus Aurelius was from a time period of Roman history ruled by what is now named the Adoptive Emperors. From emperor Nerva on until Marcus Aurelius, the Roman emperors adopted as their "son" the next succeeding emperor. This era was known for immense prosperity. However, Marcus Aurelius actually broke the customs of "adopting" able administrators and instead chose his son to succeed him. This caused some issued in history as his son was not as positive for the Roman empire as his father was. This time period has been popularized by the famous Hollywood film, the Gladiator, with Russell Crowe. The fact is that Commodus did fight in the arena, and it made for an interesting story in the film. Most people don't know that coins of Marcus Aurelius and other Roman emperors and empresses can be owned almost on any budget. This guide was designed to show the "adoptive" emperors up to Marcus Aurelius and ends with his son Commodus. This gives you a very great idea of what these ancient coins looked like and the types that were available.

• Click here to see all coins of Marcus Aurelius available for sale
• Click here to see all the ancient coins available for sale in my online eBay coin shop
• Click here to see the article with the coins shown in the video

Additional Resources

• Marcus Aurelius Biography
• Gladiator Movie
• Ancient Greek Roman Byzantine Medieval Coins Reference Books Guide and Review (Article with Video)
• Chronological List of All Roman Emperors, Empresses and other Important Personages on Ancient Coins
• Best Video Courses on Ancient Greek and Roman History

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Post Source Here: VIDEO Guide to Marcus Aurelius Ancient Roman Coins Informative article about ancient coins. An ancient coin expert created this for educational purposes.

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NAMES on Ancient Greek Roman Byzantine Medieval Coins

Modern Names of People on Historical Numismatic Ancient Greek Roman Byzantine and Medieval Coins

You may be wondering about what is a great gift for the special people in your life. Did you know that the sweetest word in any language for anyone is their name. Yes! Remembering and saying people's name is more important than remembering any other details. It establishes a connection and makes the person feel special. It is also exciting to talk to a person about the origin of their name as it may mean something very special in their native language. What a lot of people don't know is how ancient, historically significant and important their names really are. Below is a list of names that can be encountered on ancient Greek, Roman, Byzantine and Medieval coins that if given as a gift, would leave a long and everlasting impression and gratitude for such a special personalized gift. The links below are easy to click and they will take you to my eBay store search page and input the name for you, so you don't have to remember any spellings. If you are giving this as a gift, I would be happy to ship it to the person you would like to give it as a gift to, along with a special, customized message you can message you would like to provide them. This way it would make it easy to give such a special gift, to anyone in the world. You can message me on eBay with the special request, providing the specific shipping address and the message you would like to include. Items are shipped quickly and come with a very special certificate of authenticity which allows a beginner or an expert to appreciate the ancient coin you picked out. Lots of blessings to you and your loved ones! List of names:

• Adrian as in Hadrian - Roman Emperor: 117-138 A.D. , or the city of Hadrianopolis in Thrace
• Alexander as in Alexander III the Great, city of Alexandria Troas, city of Alexandria in Egypt
• Alexius or Alexey as in Alexius I, Comnenus - Byzantine Emperor: 4 April 1081 – 15 August 1118 A.D.
• Anastasia as in Anastasius, Byzantine Emperor
• Angel, Angela as in the prototype of the Angel, Greek Goddess Nike Nike, or the Roman Equivalent, Victory,  Alexius III Angelus - Emperor: 8 April 1195 - 17 July 1203 A.D.
• Antonin as in Antoninus Pius - Roman Emperor: 138-161 A.D.
• Arkadiy as in Arcadius - Roman Emperor: 383-408 A.D.
• Athena as in Athena the Greek Goddess of Wisdom, who's Roman equivalent was Minerva
• Claudio or Claudiy as in Claudius - Roman Emperor: 41-54 A.D. -
• Constantine as in Constantine I 'The Great' - Roman Emperor: 307-337 A.D.  and other Roman and Byzantine names with Constantine
• Diana as in Diana, the Roman goddess of the hunt, whose Greek equivalent was Artemis
• Dimitry, or Dmitry or Demetrios as in the Greek Goddess, Demeter  or as the ancient name of Demetrios or Demetrius
• Eudakia as in the Roman empereses Eudoxia and Eudocia,
• Florian as in the Roman emperor Florian
• Helen or Helena or other Derivations as in the Roman empress and saint Helena who was mother of Constantine the Great
• Ivan as Ivan Alexander or others with the name of Ivan
• Jesus as in Jesus Christ as depicted on ancient coins
• Johann as in John, a name used by Byzantine emperors, or Johannes, one of the late Roman emperors
• John or Johnathan or Jonathan as in John used historically since ancient biblical times.
• Julia as in Julia the name used by various empresses historically.
• Julian as in Julian II 'The Apostate' - Roman Caesar: 355-361 A.D. - Emperor: 361-363 A.D. -
• Julius as the name Julius was used historically, beginning with best known, Julius Caesar
• Justin as in the name Justin or Justinian used by Byzantine emperors
• Kristi as derived from Jesus Christ
• Larissa as in the name Larissa given to several great ancient Greek cities, most well-known and important being Larissa, Thessaly
• Laura or Lori as in the Laurel Wreath known as a symbol of victory, placed atop a victory's head by the Greek goddess of Victory, Nike or Roman Equivalent, Victory
• Leo or Lev as in Leo the Byzantine Emperor, or where it stemmed form, the Lion
• Livia as in Livia the wife of emperor Augustus
• Lucilla as in the Roman empress Lucilla
• Lydia as in the ancient region of Lydia
• Manuel or Emmanuel as in the the Byzantine Emeror Manuel I, Comnenus
• Mark or Marcus or Marc as in Marc Antony or Marcus Aurelius, two of the most famous ancient Roman personages
• Mary as in Virgin Mary
• Max as in Maxentius or Magnus Maximus or Maximus
• Michael as Michael used by Byzantine emperors or the archangel
• Nicholas, Nick, Nicola, Nicole, Nicole, Nika, Niketas, Niki, Nikita, Nikolai, Nils, Klaas, Ike as derivations from the Greek goddess of Victory, Nike, the prototype of the angel, whose Roman equivalent is Victory.
• Persephone as in the Greek goddess Persephone
• Philip as in Philip II, Father of Alexander the Great, or Philip used by the Romans or the city of Philippopolis.
• Romulus as in Romulus, one of the founders of Rome, brother of Remus
• Rose as in the Rose depicted on ancient coins of
• Sabina as in Sabina, the wife of Roman emperor Hadrian, 117-138 A.D.
• Sophia as in Sophia the Byzantine Queen
• Traian as in the Roman Emperor Trajan and Trajan Decius
• Valentinian as in the Roman Emperors by the name of Valentinian
• Valerian as in the Roman Emperors by the name of Valerian
• Victor or Victoria as in the Roman name for the goddess of Victory whose Greek equivalent is Nike.
• Yan or Yana as in Janus, the Roman god
• Zeus as in the Greek god Zeus, or his Roman equivalent, Jupiter

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History of Julius Caesar by Jacob Abbott

The History of Julius Caesar Full Audio Book

  See also:  

• Julius Caesar Ancient Roman Coins Guide
• Brutus Assassin of Julius Caesar Ancient Roman Coin Collection & Guide

See all the types of ancient Julius Caesar coins you can purchase with the following links:

• Julius Caesar Silver coins
• Julius Caesar and related coins

   

Can be found Here: History of Julius Caesar by Jacob Abbott Informative blog post about numismatic coins. An expert numismatist published this for educational purposes.

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SEA & WATER Themed Ancient Greek & Roman Coin Collecting Guide

The ancients were a well-traveled people. They built ships for travel and trade and connected vast parts of the world together. They worshipped gods that were connected to the ocean, placed them on their coins and anything else that they found particularly fascinating was placed on their coins. Just as modern-man fishes, enjoys going to the beach, looking at dolphins and traveling by sea, we are a just continuing a long tradition that stretch the millennia. Below find ancient coins that depict the water theme very well. Click on the pictures and links of the coins to see what is available in my eBay online coin shop. Enjoy!

• Poseidon on Ancient Greek and Roman coins

• Neptune the Ancient Roman god of Sea and Water who is often seen with the Trident  

• Trident

• Anchor

• Galley or ship

• Dolphin

• Shell

• River-god

• Crab

• Octopus

• Hippocamp the sea-horse

• Fish

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Article by Ilya Zlobin, world-renowned expert numismatist, enthusiast, author and dealer in authentic ancient Greek, ancient Roman, ancient Byzantine coins and beyond.

For more great articles and videos on ancient coins, visit, https://www.trustedancientcoins.com/articles/ or Click here to see all of my EDUCATIONAL COIN VIDEOS

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Get It Here: SEA & WATER Themed Ancient Greek & Roman Coin Collecting Guide Informative video pertaining to ancient coin collecting. An expert numismatist created this for educational purposes.

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Ancient Coins of Biblical Jerusalem Collecting Guide

Collection of ancient coins of the bible depicting the types that were struck in Jerusalem from the times of the bible

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r6ky7J8RTz8

This guide is designed to teach people a lot more about ancient biblical coins. Some of the coins explored in this guide are those of John Hyrcanus I, Alexander Jannaeus, Herod the Great, Herod Archelaus, Pontius Pilate and the Roman prefects procurators of Judaea area.  The best reference work on the subject is Guide to Biblical Coins by David Hendin. This book goes deep in to the subject and history of the many coins of Jerusalem and coins dealing with the Holy Land, including the towns around Jerusalem. This guide would be interesting for people of both the Jewish and the Christian faith, and for those that would like to study historical ancient coins.

• Click here to see all coins of ancient Jerusalem
• Click here to see related article with video about coins of Herod the Great
• Click here to  see guide to Coins of the Travels of Saint Paul
• Click here to see the guide to Tribute Penny coins

WIDOW's MITE Ancient Biblical Jerusalem John Hyrcanus I Coin Cornucopias i36721

John Hyrcanus I (Yehohanan) King of Judaea 134-104 B.C.E Bronze 'Prutah' 15mm (2.13 grams) Jerusalem mint 134-104 B.C. Reference: Hendin 455 Hebrew (Yehohanan the High Priest and the Council of the Jews) surrounded by wreath. 2 Cornucopias, pomegranate between horns, border of dots.* Numismatic Note: Authentic ancient biblical coin, referred to in the Gospels as the Widow's Mite.

WIDOW's MITE Ancient Biblical Jerusalem Jesus Christ Era Coin Anchor Star i49750

Alexander Jannaeus (Yehonatan) - Jewish King of the Hosmonean Kingdom 103-76 B.C.E. - Bronze 'Prutah' 15mm (1.01 grams) mint of Jerusalem 103-76 B.C. Reference: Hendin 469 Anchor, ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΛΕΞΑΝΔΡΟΥ (of King Alexander). Star of eight rays surrounded by diadem, between the rays, (Yehonatan the King).* Numismatic Note: This type of coin is known to bible history as the " Widow's Mite".

ALEXANDER JANNAEUS Lily Jewish Biblical Jerusalem Ancient Greek Coin i41565

Alexander Jannaeaus (Yehonatan)    King of Judaea 103-76 B.C. Bronze 'Prutah' 15mm (2.79 grams) Struck in the mint of Jerusalem Reference: Hendin 467 (3rd edition); Hendin 1148 (5th edition) Lily flanked by paleo-Hebrew (Yehonatan the King), border of dots. ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ AΛEΞANΔΡOY (of King Alexander); inverted anchor within circle.

WIDOW's MITE Ancient Biblical Jerusalem King Alexander Yehonatan Coin i36727

Alexander Jannaeus (Yehonatan) King of Judaea 103-76 B.C. Bronze 'Prutah' 14mm (1.73 grams) Struck in the mint of Jerusalem Reference: Hendin 473 Hebrew inscription (Yehonatan the High Priest and the Council of the Jews) surrounded by wreath. Double cornucopiae adorned with ribbons; pomegranate between horns

Mattathias Antigonus JEWISH KING 40BCE Jerusalem Ancient Coin Prosperity i16296

Hosmonean King of Judaea Mattathias Antigonus (Mattatayah), 40 to 37 B.C.E. Bronze 23mm (14.32 grams) Struck at Jerusalem: 40-37 B.C. Reference: Hendin 481; AJC I, Group U Double cornucopia with Hebrew (Mattatayah the high priest and council of the Jews), around and between horns. Ivy wreath tied at top with ribbons handing down, BACIΛEΩC ANTIГONY (of King Antigonus).

Herod I the Great Jesus Christ Birth King Judaea Jerusalem Biblical Coin i44096

Kingdom of Judaea Herod I, the Great - King: 40 B.C. - 4 A.D. Bronze Prutah 14mm (1.29 grams) Struck circa 40 B.C.- 4 A.D. at the mint of Jerusalem Reference: Hendin 500 (3rd Edition); Hendin 1188 (5th Edition) Anchor; HPΩΔ BACI around. Double cornucopia with caduceus between, dots above.

Herod Archelaus son of the Great Jewish Biblical Jerusalem Ancient Coin i36297

Herod Archelaus - Ethnarch over Judaea, Samaria and Idumaea: 4 B.C. - 6 A.D. Bronze Prutah 16mm (1.30 grams) Jerusalem mint: 4 B.C. - 6 A.D. Reference: Hendin 505; AJC II, 241,6 Bunch of grapes on vine with small leaf on left; above HPΩΔOY (Herod). Tall helmet with crest and cheek straps, viewed from front, caduceus below left; below, ЄΘNAPXO. 

Coponius Jerusalem Biblical Jesus Time 5AD Roman Coin Under Augustus i37900

Coponius prefect under Augustus 6 - 9 A.D. Bronze Prutah 17mm (1.41 grams) from the mint of Jerusalem 5/6 A.D. Reference: Hendin 1328 (5th Edition) KAICAPOC (of Caesar), ear of grain curved to right. LΛϛ (year 36 = 5/6 A.D.) in fields; eight-branched palm tree bearing two bunches of dates.The ϛ sometimes looks like a Γ.

15AD VALERIUS GRATUS Tiberius Livia Ancient Biblical Roman Jerusalem Coin i45296

Coin of Biblical Jerusalem, Lifetime of Jesus Christ under  Tiberius - Roman Emperor: 14-37 A.D. - by  Valerius Gratus, Procurator of Judaea 15-26 possibly 15-18 A.D. Bronze Prutah 17mm (1.65 grams) Jerusalem mint, Year 2 of Reign of Tiberius, 15/16 A.D. Reference: Hendin 1333 IOY ΛΙA (Julia - Julia Livia, mother of Tiberius) within wreath. LB (year 2 = 15/16 A.D.) flank upright palm branch.* Numismatic Note: This coin with the name Julia is in honor of the mother of Tiberius, Livia, whom was the wife of first Roman emperor Augustus. Tiberius was the adopted son of Augustus, being the son of Livia from her first marriage. Augustus and Livia never had children together. The Procurators of the province of Judaea under the Romans were  Coponius,  Marcus Ambibulus,  Valerius Gratus,  Antonius Felix and  Porcius Festus.

17AD VALERIUS GRATUS Tiberius Livia Ancient Biblical Roman Jerusalem Coin i45095

Coin of Biblical Jerusalem, Lifetime of Jesus Christ under Tiberius - Roman Emperor: 14-37 A.D. - by Valerius Gratus, Procurator of Judaea 15-26 possibly 15-18 A.D. Bronze Prutah 16mm (1.82 grams) Jerusalem mint, circa 15-18 or 15-26 A.D. Reference: Hendin 1335 IOY ΛΙA (Julia) within wreath. LΓ (year 3 = 16/17 A.D.) flank three lilies in bloom.

PONTIUS PILATE Ancient Biblical Roman Jerusalem Coin JESUS CHRIST Time i36583

Pontius Pilate - (chiefly known for crucifixion of Jesus) ruled 26-36 A.D. Procurator of Judaea under Emperor Tiberius, Roman Emperor: 14-37 A.D. Bronze Prutah 16mm (2.39 grams) Struck at the mint of Jerusalem 29 A.D. Reference: Hendin 648 Three bound ears of barley, the outer two ears droop, surrounded by IOYΛIA KAICAPOC. Libation ladle (simpulum) surrounded by TIBEPIOY KAICAPOC (of Tiberius Caesar) and date LIC (Year 16).* Numismatic Note: Authentic ancient biblical coin, issued by the Roman procurator whom had Jesus Christ crucified. Very rare, unique piece of ancient history.

PONTIUS PILATE Ancient Biblical Roman Jerusalem Coin JESUS CHRIST Time i36579

Pontius Pilate - (chiefly known for crucifixion of Jesus) ruled 26-36 A.D. Procurator of Judaea under Emperor Tiberius, Roman Emperor: 14-37 A.D. Bronze Prutah 14mm (2.03 grams) Jerusalaem 30-31 A.D. Reference: Hendin 1342. Lituus, surrounded by TIBEPIOY KAICAPOC. Date LIZ (= year 18 = 31 C.E.) within wreath.* Numismatic Note: Authentic ancient biblical coin, issued by the Roman procurator whom had Jesus Christ crucified. Very rare, unique piece of ancient history.

Agrippa I King of Judaea 41AD Ancient Biblical Roman Jerusalem Coin i36590

Agrippa I - King of Judaea: 37-44 A.D.  Bronze 'Prutah' 18mm (3.42 grams) Struck in the Jerusalem mint Year 6, 41/42 A.D. during the time of Emperor Claudius Reference: Hendin 553 3 ears of barley. (Symbol of fertility of the land.) Umbrella-like canopy with fringes, Greek legend "of King Agrippa". (The Umbrella like canopy is attributed as being a symbol of power.)

Britannicus & Nero 54AD Jerusalem Roman Coin of Claudius Antonius Felix i44947

Antonius Felix  prefect under Claudius 52-60 A.D. Bronze Prutah 17mm (1.86 grams) from the mint of Jerusalem 54 A.D. Reference: Hendin 1348 (5th Edition) NEPW KΛAY KAICAP (Nero Claudius Caesar - son of Claudius); two oblong shields and spears crossed. BPIT (Britannicus - younger son of Claudius) above; LIΔ KAI (year 14 of Caesar = 54 A.D.) in fields; six-branched palm tree bearing two bunches of dates.* Numismatic Note: This is a rare type bearing the name of Britannicus, son of Claudius. Nero also has his name on it. Nero was the adopted son of Claudius by his marriage to Agrippina Jr. Rare and desirable type.

Porcius Festus Jerusalem Nero Ancient Greek / Roman Coin Palm branch i36709

Nero - Roman Emperor: 54-68 A.D. - Procurator Porcius Festus under Roman Emperor Nero Bronze 'Prutah' 16mm (2.45 grams) of the Jerusalem mint 58 A.D. Reference: Hendin 653 Obverse: Greek letters NEP WNO C (Nero) in wreath tied at the bottom with an X. Reverse: Greek letters KAICAPOC (Caesar) and date LE (year 5 = 58/59 A.D), palm branch.

Jewish Freedom War with Romans Ancient JERUSALEM Coin YEAR3 Amphora Leaf i36695

First Jewish-Roman War "Great Revolt" Bronze Prutah 18mm (2.58 grams) Year II of the Jewish War  Jerusalem mint: 67-68 A.D. Reference: Hendin 661 Amphora with broad rim and two handles; around Hebrew inscription for Year 2. Vine leaf on a branch and the Hebrew inscription: 'The Freedom of Zion'.* Reference: You are bidding on an authentic coin struck by the Jews revolting in Jerusalem, which led to the sacking and destruction of the Second Temple.

Jewish Freedom War with Romans Ancient JERUSALEM Coin YEAR3 Amphora Leaf i36596

First Jewish-Roman War "Great Revolt" Bronze Prutah 16mm (2.29 grams) Year III of the Jewish War  Jerusalem mint: 69-70 A.D. Reference: Hendin 664 Amphora with lid and two handles; around Hebrew inscription for Year 3. Vine leaf on a branch and the Hebrew inscription: 'The Freedom of Zion'.* Reference: You are bidding on an authentic coin struck by the Jews revolting in Jerusalem, which led to the sacking and destruction of the Second Temple. The year III coin is much more rare than the year II, which was possibly struck even within months of the end of the war.

HADRIAN Aelia Capitolina (Jerusalem) Ancient Roman Coin RARE i21770

Hadrian - Roman Emperor: 117-138 A.D. - Bronze 22mm (9.19 grams) of Aelia Capitolina circa 130-138 A.D. Laureate head right. Tyche seated left, holding phiale & cornucopiae.* Numismatic Note: This interpretation that this coin is from Aelia Capitolina (Jersualem) is due to the several letters on the reverse in the field to left which I understand as AEL. The style of this type also has lead me to this interpretation. Very rare and highly coveted type.

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Historical Ancient Coins of Biblical Jerusalem Collection and Guide Jewish Kings Roman Rulers

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Article by Ilya Zlobin, world-renowned expert numismatist, enthusiast, author and dealer in authentic ancient Greek, ancient Roman, ancient Byzantine coins and beyond.

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Find It Here: Ancient Coins of BIBLICAL JERUSALEM Collecting Guide An interesting video pertaining to numismatic coins. An ancient coin expert created this for educational purposes.

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